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Judges Rule Of Fives
by Barbara "BJ" Andrews
Excerpted from JEC Seminar Handbooks for Akitas, Chihuahuas, Mini-Bulls, and Toy Fox Terriers

Breed Type.  You should know it when you see it.  Richard Beauchamp put it this way “Breed type is such an elusive thing… It is something that can’t be taught but it can be learned.  Even when type is present to the fullest, one person may see it and the person next to him may see nothing at all.  It is clearly visible – yet defies description.”

As judge or breeder, observe any Group ring and note that no two dogs are identical and no two standards put equal emphasis on the same features of type.  Working breeds may emphasize soundness whereas Toys stress esthetic beauty and Terriers want temperament that never quits.  All are critical to Breed Type and it is by your knowledge of Type that you will be judged.

Chihuahuas, circa 1934, with Florence ClarkRules aside, it is Breed Type that you are duty-bound to observe, protect and preserve.  Have you ever thumbed through photos of dogs from say, fifty years ago?  Some represent advances in soundness or grooming but when assessing type, how closely did Saddler resemble the Fox Terrier of today? The Akitas of the Seventies could not win in the ring today but a Chihuahua is still a Chihuahua.  Think.  Even the Taco Bell dog was immediately recognized as a Chihuahua.  Many judges take the easy way out – picking winners on soundness, faces, advertisements, or an opportunity to advance.  They may get by, indeed, they may get a lot of assignments by making popular decisions  but they will never be known as great judges.

If anyone takes this personally, they should not be here.  I'm nobody, just a messenger trying to deliver methodology learned from some of the greatest judges.  I will give you Five Rules which properly applied, will gain the respect of breeders as well as your peers.

These simple rules will help you find breed type, thereby protecting your integrity.  You will have done your job.  Hopefully this will help you judge every dog according to its breed standard and nothing else.  There are many more "finer points" you can get hung up on later, but above all else, you should clearly demonstrate your commitment to the preservation of overall Breed Type.

First Things First. As a judge, you have to quickly weigh many factors, the most important of which is the overall health, condition, and temperament of the dog.  If it is sick, malnourished, unkempt, lame, can't be examined, or tries to bite, you will disqualify, excuse, or mentally eliminate it from consideration, depending on the situation.

Breed Standard. You will then compare each dog to the AKC Standard.  To do so you must constantly refresh your memory on every breed you judge because our minds play tricks on us, some of which can be embarrassing.  One judge admitted that a good friend took him aside and said he had been awarding dogs with a very obvious breed fault and that people were talking.  Re-reading the standard, he realized that something said by a handler-friend had seated itself into his subconscious but indeed, it was in direct contradiction to that breed's standard.  The judge recalled many times, when weighing a hard decision, he had unwittingly selected for the fault instead of against it.  Read the standards regularly but don't hesitate to refer to the breed standard in the ring.  No one will fault you for that!

Breed Seminars. Given the plethora of seminars and some of the people selected to present, you really do need to read the breed standards on a regular basis   You should also bear in mind that presenters who have a certain problem in their breeding program tend to over-emphasize it beyond that which is conveyed by the standard, or if they settled for ignoring it, some presenters will minimize that fault in seminar discussions.  If you have any doubts about something said in a seminar, ask the presenter for clarification.  If you're still not sure, go ask two top breeders working in two different bloodlines.  If they give you two different answers, well, you are on a quest!

There are judging techniques not covered by AKC Breed Standards but which are very important to ring craft, particularly for judges crossing over into another Group.  Protocol on how to approach and "go over" certain breeds.  No matter how many pages you take home today, they cannot take the place of examining and observing real dogs.

Applying The Judges Rule Of Fives

Okay, here comes the difficult part of judging.  Many standards emphasize one feature over another and that helps but what can you do in every breed, every time, that will earn the respect of exhibitors?  If you recognize and select Breed Type with unerring skill, you will become known as someone who “has an eye for a dog” rather than a “popular judge.”

Michele Billings once admitted she was having a hard time “getting a handle” on Akitas.  I suggested she talk to Roy Ayers, Virginia Hampton, Eleanor Evers, etc.  A few years later she did the Akita National Specialty and drew rave reviews, even from those who won nothing.  What higher compliment can a judge receive?

Breed Character Is #1.  When the dog enters the ring or is undistracted by the handler, note whether it carries itself with the correct attitude.  A Bully will bounce; an Akita is dignified, purposeful; a Chihuahua may twirl or play; a Toy Fox will strut to the end of the lead and survey his ring.  A German Shepherd will be majestic and confident as he surveys his surroundings.  If you don’t know how the breed should act, go visit with breeders.

If the dog acts tired, it could be the end of a long day but if the handler can't bring the dog around by sparring, baiting, or gaiting, you must disregard it because you are unable to assess breed character, which should be the first component of Type.  It matters not what the reason (and handlers are full of excuses), it is a dog show and you are to judge them on the day.  It may be a dog you adore but if it is showing badly, you will be seen as a fool if you put it up.

You judge dogs, ringside judges you.

Breed Type which astute breed judges will awardIt is a puppy?  First show?  Okay then be forgiving but don’t award it unless it shouts type and puppy audacity as in this Akita puppy!  You will be doing no favor to the breed, the handler, or your own reputation.  Even a structurally correct dog is a bad example if it fails to display proper breed character and personality.  There’s always another day and another chance for the dog to convince another judge that it has correct temperament and type for its breed.

Set the rules now.  An Akita performing like a Minpin has a serious lack of Breed Character.  A dog that droops or is bored is something other than a toy breed.  A Chihuahua may shrink back from a stranger, a terrier that does so should be mentally eliminated.  Sure there will be in-betweens but if you apply for the breed, you should know it well enough to judge the degree of un-typical behavior and its significance in that particular breed.

A beautiful dog that lacks character misrepresents the breed.  Therefore Character is the first Priority.

Breed Outline/Profile is #2 on your checklist.  There are breeds with very similar silhouettes but you are supposed to know the difference.  Proportion, topline, angulation, tailset, ear carriage - all are distinguishing features of breed type.  If you use the ink-blot test and the dog fails, forget it.  You know why....

An unclipped Poodle will still have that up-on-leg  “poodley” profile that separates it from the Lowchen.  If a dog in the ring makes you wonder if you would know its breed if you saw it on Park Avenue, for goodness sake, reject it.  That is after all, why the public chooses a purebred.  Silhouette then, is Rule  #2.

Head and Expression is your third consideration.  Doesn’t matter if it is a head breed or not, the head is what owners look at every day.  An Akita with a GSD head cannot possibly have the intimidating expression of a courageous hunter of bear, boar, and burglars but please, any suggestion of a chow scowl is a serious no-no.  Size notwithstanding, a Chihuahua with Papillion skull couldn’t possibly have those huge luminous eyes so typical of the breed.  So even if the standard fails to emphasize the head, it is an indispensable feature of breed type.  It may take a keen eye to distinguish fine differences between the Toy Fox, Toy Manchester, and Minpin head but that is the mark of a great Group Judge.

You have a duty to know and award the dog who acts like it’s breed, presents an easily recognizable profile, and whose head and expression define it as such.  If you are down to the ribbon but find yourself confused by a super-sound Bullie with big eyes and a significant stop, remember priority rule #3.

Movement - Soundness versus Type is a worn out debate.  Everyone knows you “can get a sound dog at the pound” so we will not repeat that discussion other than to stress that movement is indicative of a lot more than soundness.  It can define breed purpose and lest we forget, that is supposed to define type.

In many breeds, way of going is a critical test of correct conformation. Should a Peke move like a Pom?  A Bullie like a Boston?  Of course not, so beyond soundness, movement exemplifies breed type.  It is okay to be a "movement judge" if you make clear what you are looking for instead of pointing at the greyhound with the best side gait or the chow with the most "reach and drive."

Please, on this one thing, do not get lazy.  If the Collie moves like a Shepherd, it may be exciting and dramatic but it is all wrong!  Do not fall into the trap of generic judging, especially as regards movement.  Okay, so ringside will cheer for the big moving dog but does that make the Clumber moving like a Cocker better than the Cocker?  And common sense should tell you that muscle dogs (Bull Terriers, AmStaffs, etc) should move like a weight lifter, not like a sporting dog!

Do you want to be known as a “movement judge” or as someone who “really knows the breed.”  Which is the greater compliment?  More to the point, which is more important to preserving that breed?  This is Priority #4.

Coat Type is #5 on this list because it constitutes an essential element of type in many breeds and may be a disqualification in many.  It is often a deciding purchase factor.  Go beyond the Maltese or the Old English.  Sure, they are uniquely coated, but if you really know your stuff, you know even breeds with similar coat types have subtle but important differences.  An Akita does not have the longer flatter coat of a Malamute but does have a stiffer, fuller coat than a Siberian.

Subtle differences can only be determined by touch.  Reading about coat does not allow your tactile senses to learn and record correct type for the breed.  A Mini-Bull does not have the coat of a Staffie-Bull.  Both will be short, flat, and glossy but the Bullie’s coat feels harder because the hair shaft is slightly thicker to offer just a tad more protection.  While the Toy Fox Terrier’s coat looks like a Minpin’s, it is ever so much smoother, as though the dog was wrapped in tight-fitting satin.  Each hair has a smaller diameter and tighter cuticle, and not to put too fine a point on it, that is the finer point of type.

In some breeds, coat can be the difference between survival and death or fitness for the job the dog was bred to do.  In others, it is window dressing but if you know breed type, you must give coat a priority rating.

The Sum of The Rules Of Fives? Easy.  Add it up and exclude any dog that fails any two of these priorities.  I say that because there are varying degrees of departure from the utterly correct, even in these five areas.  If the dog acts waddles like a duck on the down-and-back, it is wrong no matter how beautiful its head, how perfect the structure, and how faultless its coat.

Judge each dog against the standard, not the competition.  You know that but in the real world, if a dog catches your eye and excels in all but one of these priorities while the competition is of average quality with no glaring faults, which will you choose?  If you dwell too long on your answer you need to re-read the Rule Of Fives order of priorities, explore more of the information in Judges Education, or bite the bullet and ask a breeder.

Sure, it's disappointing when you have to pick the “best of a bad lot” and astute judges complain that it happens too often.  Is there a solution?  Of course!!  WITHHOLD ribbons.  Be understanding, offer to discuss your decisions but be firm when there is no above-average quality.  In the long run, it is a kindness not to mislead the novice into wasting more entry fees, or worse yet, taking the dog home to breed.

If you are certain in your knowledge, if you have applied the “Rule of Fives” and found no dog you are comfortable with, then your duty is clear.  The reason you have before you dogs that lack Breed Type is because too many other judges did not know or select for type.  Or they have allowed handlers to think they will routinely give something in the ring the points.

Please.  Disappoint them.

- from Judges' Seminar Guidebooks prepared by Barbara (BJ) Andrews
JEC Chairperson, Akita Club Of America
Founder and First President, Miniature Bull Terrier Club Of America
Toy Fox Terrier Club Of America Approved Presenter & AKC Gazette Columnist
Author of 8 Breed Books; Breeder of multiple BIS, BISS, and Group Winners